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The most important buildings in our community are: 1. The School (2) 2. The Palace of Culture and Science (9) 3. Markpol (1) 4. Sadyba(1) 5. Zlote Mall (1) 6. Train Station (1)

**__3.2 The Christian Church Takes Shape __**

**1. How was the Roman Catholic Church organized during the Middle Ages? ** The Pope, who was the bishop of Rome, was the head of the hierarchy. He was helped by assistants called cardinals, which were just below him in the pyramid. Below were the Arcibishops which looked over important areas in the empire. Last were the bishops. They governed the land in the empire. There were also priest who ruled the local parishes.

**2. What role did the church play in the government in medieval Europe? ** The church was the biggest landowner. The land came in from nobleman, and some was taken by force from other people. People also had to pay a tax to the church. Poor and sick people found food and shelter in the church. The church also had a lot of money, and was a big economic consumer in the middle ages. People payed 1/10 of their money to the church (tax).

**3. What was the subject of the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV? ** The conflict was all about Henry IV being mad at the pope for forbidding priests to marry and outlawing the selling of church offices. Henry appointed officials in the church. He also declared Pope Gregory not the Pope.

__**3.3 Seven Sacraments**__ The Seven Sacraments were the seven steps to becoming a proper Christian. The Church taught that receiving the seven sacraments was an essential part of becoming a Christian. They were sacred rites that Christians believed brought them blessing from the god. The first sacrament was Baptism, then came confirmation, Eucharist, matrimony (marriage), holy order, penance and finally extreme unction.
 * 1) Baptism - usually given shortly after birth, it is meant to forgive original sins
 * 2) Confirmation - done when reaching maturity (14 - 16 years of age)
 * 3) Holy Eucharist - The body and blood of Jesus Christ is eaten to remember the last supper
 * 4) Marriage - marriage
 * 5) Holy Orders - becoming a priest
 * 6) Penance - forgiveness of sins
 * 7) Anointing of the Sick - used to be known as last rites, given shortly before death

People undertook pilgrimages because they were so religious that they got rid of everything they had, they had to beg for food and they traveled by foot. The most popular destinations that pilgrims got to were Jerusalem, Rome, and a Cathedral in England
 * __Section 3.4__**
 * Why did people undertake pilgrimages during the Middle Ages?**
 * What were some popular destinations of pilgrims?**

A crusader was a worrier of god. They whent on a military expansion to take back the holy land known as Jerusalem. There was around ten crusades that tried to take the holy land but they did not succeed
 * What were the Crusaders? **

__**Section 3.5**__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In one way the art of medieval Europe reflected the influence of the Catholic church is it helped tell stories about Christ as people couldn’t read. They also brought beautiful buildings such as cathedrals. They were huge and brought many things to life.
 * In what ways did the art of medieval Europe reflect the influence of the Roman Catholic Church?**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A cathedral is a church building presided by a bishop. The key architectural features of a Cathedral are: Transepts, flying buttresses, pillars, nave, gargoyles, and stain glass windows.
 * What were cathedrals? What were some of their key architectural features?**

__**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.6 Education! **__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Question 1: What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in education during the Middle Ages? The Roman Catholic Church worked like a school, but more religion focused. Some people take courses like this today.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Question 2: Who was Thomas Aquinas? What did he try to do with Theology and ancient philosophy? Thomas Aquinas was a Italian scholar of both theology and philosophy. He tried to connect reason. and faith.

3.7 Holidays What events did the medieval holidays honor?

Christmas and Easter

What were some of the ways in which people celebrated holidays?

12 days of Christmas ended with attendance at church and a huge feast. The other holydays where celebrated with bonfires, acrobats, jugglers and dancing bears.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.8 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**What was the monastic life like?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Monks mainly prayed, studied and worked. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**How were the lives of mendicant friars different from monks?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> They traveled among ordinary people and cared for the poor and sick, they were poor themselves whereas monks lived in monasteries without much freedom. ==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**Chapter 4**__ __European Towns During the 13th Century__== = =

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; white-space: normal;">**4.1** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In medieval europe there are a few lifestyles to chose from including being a peasant, a monk, a priests, a serf, and other low places in the hierarchy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Lifestyle**: In this illustration we found a lifestyle of a begger who is in the picture, begging and asking for money. Job Opportunities**: We found two job opportunities inlucding a black smith, and a merchant who is selling goods.**

Entertainment**: In the picture we found people in the back wearing costumes and juggling on a higher surface.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Venice and Genoa were great for trading. They were by the sea. Most people lived in Western Europe because Eastern Europe declined and people in the west lived in scattered communities. Improvement of agriculture and another was trade. Towns like Genoa and Venice were trading centers. A charter would make laws and raise taxes. And the charter granted people right to govern themselves. Many towns became independent by purchasing a royal charter.
 * 4.2 The Growth of Medieval Towns**
 * 1. Where were towns in medieval Europe often located, and why?**
 * 2. What contributed to the growth of towns in medieval Europe?**
 * 3. What rights did a charter give townspeople?**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//**4.3 Guilds**//

//**1. What were guilds?Why were they established?**//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Guilds were organizations of people in the same craft or trade. They were established so the people would like be in a group the people that did a craft would be in a group of people that did a craft like them, like shoemakers.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//**2. How did a person become a member of the guild?**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Being a member of the guild was not that easy, you had to start working from age 12. Sometimes a girl became an apprentice.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//**3. What are some examples of craft guilds in the medieval Europe?**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//one example was shes, there were many shoe stores and this was one of the crafts.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//**4. How did guilds help members and families of members?**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//They used the money they got to help their family members.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//**5. Choose an object from the illustration on the opposite page that represents this topic.**//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;">**4.4. Trade and Commerce** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the middle ages, Merchants played a vital roles in medieval towns. Merchants traded goods so people could get goods that they could not make themselves. Due to merchants, people did not have to make all the goods themselves and towns became more civilized. At merchant fairs, many merchants from different regions met at the market squares of large towns, and people traded goods that were not available at home. Merchants often sat at town councils as they became wealthy from trading goods. Jews weren’t allowed to have good - paying jobs or to own land. They were often targets of violence and their lords took their possessions and belongings at will.


 * 4.5 homes and households**

1. What did homes in medieval European towns look like? They were often small and crowded because they often shared houses with other families. The houses were mostly built out of wood. 2. Why were the homes of most town dwellers uncomfortable? The houses had no big heat source and had smaller windows, there was little food and, houses were covered in smoke. 3. Why was growing up in the medieval towns difficult? The families had not much food, you would work in your own house and the most of your kids would die before reaching the age of thirteen. 4. How were the lives of medieval girls different from those of modern girls? The medieval girl had more chores and less respect. The average girl today has less chores and more respect.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**4.6 Disease and Medical Treatment** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 1. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**How did unhealthy living conditions and limited medical knowledge affect life in medieval European towns?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Unhealthy living conditions along with limited medical knowledge allowed disease to spread like wild fire and were much more effective. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 2. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**What were some common Diseases in medieval Europe?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Some of the most common Diseases in medieval Europe were measles, cholera, and scarlet fever. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 3. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**What were some of the common practices used by medieval doctors?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> In medieval times, the doctors used herbs and prayers, believing that their god would save him or her if he intended to. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 4. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**What group was blamed when outbreaks of disease occurred?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> When disease occurred, the Jews were often accused for poisoning wells. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 5. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**What do you think represents this in the drawing?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The pictures we drew were of the window full of potion type bottles that could be healing herbs.


 * 4.7 Crime and Punishment **
 * 1) Why were towns in medieval Europe dangerous places?**
 * Answer:** In medieval Europe there were a lot of robbers, pickpockets and thieves. It was easy to get robbed, and even easier in the night. That’s why night watchman went around in the night, and protected the townspeople.


 * 2) What were two methods for deciding the guilt or innocents of accused criminals in the Early Middle Ages?**
 * Answer:** Trial by Ordeal and Combat were two methods that showed the guilt or innocents of accused criminals. Trial and Ordeal was a way to show if someone was guilty or innocent. They threw the accused into water, and if the body floated, the water rejected them resulting in guilt. If they went under water, the water took them in, so they were innocent. Combat was another way of showing who was guilty or innocent. In involved 2 people fighting. If the accused won, they were innocent. If they lost, they were guilty. Women, children, injured and disabled could pick a person to fight for them.


 * 3) What were some ways criminals were punished in Medieval Europe?**
 * Answer:** If someone made a small crime, like stole something like a wallet, then they had to pay a fee, and go to a stock. If someone made a bigger crime like murder, they were either burned or hanged.


 * 4) How did the way in which those accused of crimes treated being to improve in the 12th century?**
 * Answer:** In England they started to make courts. There started to be a judge, who listen to witnesses, accused and others, and then made a decision whether someone was innocent or guilty.



<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">**4.8 Leisure and Entertainment**
<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**1. What were some games that were popular to children in medieval Europe?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Children played with dolls and toys, such as wooden swords and hobbyhorses. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**2. What were some leisure activities enjoyed by adults in medieval Europe?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adults liked to play chess, checkers, and backgammon. Card games, dice games and dancing were also very popular among town people. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**3. What was the difference between mystery plays and miracle plays?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mystery plays recreated stories from the Bible. Miracle plays dramatized the life of saints. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**4. How did the church’s attitude toward mystery and miracle plays differ from that of most townspeople?** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The church disapproved both kinds of plays, but most townspeople still enjoyed them. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Two pictures representing this topic : <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">